Glossary of Terms
Adaptive Data Management
As data footprint continues to grow, businesses are struggling to manage petabytes of data, often consisting of billions and billions of files. To manage at this scale, intelligent automation that learns and adapts to your environment is needed.
Data management needs to happen continuously in the background and not interfere with active usage of storage or the network by users and applications. This is because data management is an ongoing function, much like a housekeeper of data. Just as you would not want your housekeeper to be clearing dishes as your family is eating at the dinner table, data management needs to run non-intrusively in the background.
To do this, an adaptive solution is needed – one that knows when your file system and network are in active use and throttles itself back, and then speeds back up when resources are available. An adaptive data management system learns from your usage patterns and adapts to the environment.
AI Compute
The computing ability required for machines to learn from big data to experience, adjust to new inputs, and perform human-like tasks. Komprise cuts the data preparation time for AI projects by creating virtual data lakes with its Deep Analytics feature.
Archival Storage
Archival Storage is a source for data that is not needed for an organization’s everyday operations, but may have to be accessed occasionally.
By utilizing an archival storage, organizations to secondary sources, while still maintaining the protection of the data.
Utilizing archival storage sources reduces primary storage costs required and allows an organization to maintain data that may be required for regulatory or other requirements.
Data archiving is intended to protect older information that is not needed for everyday operations, but may have to be accessed occasionally. Data Archival storage is a tool for reducing primary storage need and the related costs, rather than acting as a data recovery tool.
- Some data archives allow data to be read-only to protect it from modification, while other data archiving products treat data as to allow users to modify it.
- The benefit of data archiving is that it reduces the cost of primary storage. Alternatively, archive storage costs less because it is typically based on a low-performance, high-capacity storage medium.
- Data archiving take a number of different forms. Options can be online data storage, which places archive data onto disk systems where it is readily accessible. Archives are frequently file-based, but object storage is also growing in popularity. A key challenge when using object storage to archive file-based data is the impact it can have on users and applications. To avoid changing paradigms from file to object and breaking user and application access, use data management solutions that provide a file interface to data that is archived as objects.
- Another archival system uses offline data storage where archive data is written to tape or other removable media using data archiving software rather than being kept online. Data archiving on tape consumes less power than disk systems, translating to lower costs.
- A third option is using cloud storage, such as those offered by Amazon – this is inexpensive but requires ongoing investment.
- The data archiving process typically uses automated software, which will automatically move “cold” data via policies set by an administrator. Today, a popular approach to data archiving is to make the archive “transparent” – so the archived data is not only online but the archived data is fully accessed exactly as before by users and applications, so they experience no change in behavior.
Analytics-driven Data Management
The proprietary platform of Intelligent Komprise Data Management that’s based on data insight and automation to strategically and efficiently manage unstructured data at massive scale.
AWS Glacier
What is AWS Glacier?
AWS Glacier is a class of cloud storage available through Amazon Web Services (AWS). Glacier is a lower-cost storage tier designed for use with data archiving and long-term backup services on the public cloud infrastructure.
Amazon S3 Glacier was created to house data that doesn’t need to be accessed frequently or quickly. This makes it ideal for use as a cold storage service, hence the inspiration for its name.
AWS Glacier retrieval times range from a few minutes to a few hours with three different speed options available: Expedited (1-5 minutes), Standard (3-5 hours), and Bulk (5-12 hours).
AWS Glacier Deep Archive offers 12-48-hour retrieval times. The faster retrieval options are significantly more expensive, so having your data organized into the correct tier within AWS cloud storage is an important aspect of keeping storage costs down.
Other Glacier features:
- The ability to store an unlimited number of objects and data
- Data stored in Glacier is dispersed across multiple geographically separated Availability Zones within the AWS region
- An average annual durability of 99.999999999%
- Checksum uploads to validate data authenticity
- REST-based web service
- Vault, Archive, and Job data models
- Limit of 1,000 vaults per AWS account
Main Applications for AWS Glacier Storage
There are several scenarios where Glacier is an ideal solution for companies needing a large volume of cloud storage.
- Huge data sets. Many companies that perform trend or scientific analysis need a huge amount of storage to be able to house their training, input, and output data for future use.
- Replacing legacy storage infrastructure. With the many advantages that cloud-based storage environments have over traditional storage infrastructure, many corporations are opting to use AWS storage to get more out of their data storage systems. AWS Glacier is often used as a replacement for long term tape archives.
- Healthcare facilities’ patient data. Patient data needs to be kept for regulatory or compliance requirements. Glacier and Glacier Deep Archive are ideal archiving platforms to keep data that will hardly need to be accessed.
- Cold data with long retention times. Finance, Research, Genomics, and Electronic Design Automation and Media, Entertainment are some examples of industries where cold data and inactive projects may need to be retained for long periods of time even though they are not actively used. AWS Glacier storage classes are a good fit for these types of data. The project data will need to be recalled before it is actively used to minimize retrieval delays and costs.
Amazon Glacier vs S3
Amazon’s S3 storage and Glacier are different classes of storage designed to handle workloads on the AWS cloud storage platform.
- Glacier is best for cold data that’s rarely or never accessed
- AWS S3 storage is intended for hot and warm data that needs to be accessed daily and quickly
The speed and accessibility of S3 storage comes at a much higher cost compared to Glacier and the even more economical Glacier Deep Archive storage tiers. Having the right data management solution is critical to help you identify and organize your hot and cold data into the correct storage tiers, saving a substantial amount on storage costs.
Benefits of a Data Management System to Optimize AWS Glacier
A comprehensive suite of data management capabilities allows organizations to reduce their storage footprint and substantially cut their storage costs. These are a few of the benefits of integrating an analytics-driven data management solution with your AWS storage:
- Get full visibility of your data across AWS and other cloud platforms to understand how much NAS data is being accrued and whether it’s hot or cold.
- Intelligent tiering and lifecycle management of files and objects across EFS, FSX, S3 and Glacier storage classes based on access patterns
- Intelligent retrievals so you don’t get hit with unexpected data retrieval fees on Glacier – Komprise enables intelligent recalls based on access patterns so if an object on Glacier becomes active again, Komprise will move it up to an S3 storage class.
- Bulk retrievals for improved user performance of entire projects from Glacier storage classes – if an archived project is going to become active, you can prefetch and retrieve the entire project from Glacier using Komprise so users don’t have to face long latencies to get access to the data they need.
- Minimize costs with analytics-driven solution that monitors retrieval costs, egress costs and other costs to minimize them by promoting data up and recalling it intelligently to more active storage classes
- Access data that has been moved across AWS as objects from S3 storage classes or as files from File and NAS storage classes without the need for additional stubs or agents.
- Reduce the complexity of your cloud storage and NAS environment and manage your data more easily through an intuitive dashboard.
- Optimize the savings of your AWS storage environment with analytics-driven management of all the complex storage, retrieval, egress and other costs
- Easy, on-demand scalability with capacity to add and manage petabytes without limits or the need for dedicated infrastructure.
- Integrate data lifecycle management easily with an AWS Advanced Tier partner such as Komprise.
- Move data transparently to any tier within AWS so users experience no difference in data access
- Create automated policies to continuously manage the lifecycle of the moved data for maximum savings.
Streamline AWS Glacier Operations with Komprise Intelligent Data Management
Komprise’s Intelligent Data Management allows you to seamlessly analyze and manage data across all of your AWS cloud storage classes so you can move data across file, S3 and Glacier storage classes at the right time for the best price/performance. Because it’s vendor agnostic, its standards-driven analytics and data management work with the largest storage providers in the industry and have helped companies save up to 50% on their cloud storage costs.
If you’re looking to get more out of your AWS storage, then contact a data management expert at Komprise today and see how much you could save.
Block-level Tiering
Moving blocks between the various tiers to increase performance where hot blocks and metadata are kept in the higher, faster, and more expensive storage tiers, and cold blocks are migrated to lower, less expensive ones. Lacking full context, these moved blocks cannot be directly accessed from their new location. Komprise uses the more advanced file-level tiering.
Capacity Planning
Capacity planning is the estimation of space, hardware, software, and connection infrastructure resources that will be needed a period of time. In reference to the enterprise environment, there is a common concern over whether or not there will be enough resources in place to handle an increasing number of users or interactions. The purpose of capacity planning is to have enough resources available to meet the anticipated need, at the right time, without accumulating unused resources. The goal is to match the resource of availability to the forecasted need, in the most cost-efficient manner.
True data capacity planning means being able to look into the future and estimate future IT needs and efficiently plan where data is stored and how it is managed based on the SLA of the data. Not only must you meet the future business needs of fast-growing data, you must also stay within the organization’s tight IT budgets. And, as organizations are looking to reduce operational costs with the cloud, deciding what data can move to the cloud, and how to leverage the cloud without disrupting existing file-based users and applications becomes critical.
Data storage never shrinks, it just relentlessly gets bigger. Regardless of industry, organization size, or “software-defined” ecosystem, it is a constant stress-inducing challenge to stay ahead of the storage consumption rate. That challenge is not made any easier considering that typically organizations waste a staggering amount of data storage capacity, much of which can be attributed to improper capacity management.
Komprise enables you to intelligently plan storage capacity, offset additional purchase of expensive storage, and extend the life of your existing storage by providing visibility across your storage with key analytics on how data is growing and being used, and interactive what-if analysis on the ROI of using different data management objectives. Komprise moves data based on your objectives to secondary storage, object or cloud, of your choice while providing a file gateway for users and applications to transparently access the data exactly as before.
Checksum
A calculated value that’s used to determine the integrity of data. The most commonly used checksum is MD5, which Komprise uses.
Cloud Data Growth Analytics
Komprise provides the visibility and analytics into cloud data that lets organizations understand data growth across their clouds and helps move cold data to optimize costs.
Cloud Data Management
What is Cloud Data Management?
Cloud data management is a way to manage data across cloud platforms, either with or instead of on-premises storage. The goal is to curb rising cloud storage costs, but it can be quite a complicated pursuit, which is why most businesses employ an external company offering cloud management services.
Cloud data management is emerging as an alternative to data management using traditional on-premises software. The benefit of employing a top cloud data management company means that instead of buying on-premise storage resources and managing them, resources are bought on-demand in the cloud. This service model allows organizations to receive dedicated cloud data management resources on an as-needed basis. Cloud data management also involves finding the right data from on-premises storage and moving this data through data archiving, data replication or data migration to the cloud.
Optimal cloud data management provides four key capabilities that help to reduce cloud storage costs:
- Gain Accurate Visibility Across Cloud Accounts into Actual Usage
- Forecast Savings and Plan Data Management Strategies
- Archive Based on Actual Data Usage to Avoid Surprises
- Using last-accessed time vs. last modified provides a more predictable decision on the objects that will be accessed in the future, which avoids costly archiving errors.
- Radically Simplify Migrations
- Easily pick your source and destination
- Run dozens or hundreds of migrations in parallel
- Reduce the babysitting
The many benefits of cloud data management include speeding up technology deployment and reducing system maintenance costs; it can also provide increased flexibility to help meet changing business requirements.
But, like other cloud computing technologies, cloud data management can introduce challenges – for example, data security concerns related to sending sensitive business data outside the corporate firewall for storage. Another challenge is the disruption to existing users and applications who may be using file-based applications on premise since the cloud is predominantly object based.
Cloud data management solutions should provide you with options to eliminate this disruption by transparently managing data across common formats such as file and object.
Find out about Komprise Intelligent Data Management for Multicloud
Some common features and capabilities cloud data management solutions should deliver:
- Data Analytics: Can you get a view of all your cloud data, how it’s being used, and how much it’s costing you? Can you get visibility into on-premises data that you wish to migrate to the cloud? Can you understand where your costs are so you know what to do about them?
- Planning and Forecasting: Can you set policies for how data should get moved either from one cloud storage class to another or from an on-premises storage to the cloud. Can you project your savings? Does this account for hidden fees like retrieval and egress costs?
- Policy based data archiving, data replication, and data management: How much babysitting do you have to do to move and manage data? Do you have to tell the system every time something needs to be moved or does it have policy based intelligent automation?
- Fast Reliable Cloud Data Migration: Does the system support migrating on-premises data to the cloud? Does it handle going over a Wide Area Network? Does it handle your permissions and access controls and preserve security of data both while it’s moving the data and in the cloud?
- Intelligent Cloud Archiving, Intelligent Tiering and Data Lifecycle Management: Does the solution enable you to manage ongoing data lifecycle in the cloud? Does it support the different cloud storage classes (eg High-performance options like File and CloudNAS and cost-efficient options like S3 and Glacier)?
In practice, the design and architecture of a cloud varies among cloud providers. Service Level Agreements (SLA) represent the contract which captures the agreed upon guarantees between a service provider and its customers.
It is important to consider that Cloud administrators are responsible for factoring:
- Multiple billable dimensions and costs: storage, access, retrievals, API, transitions, initial transfer, and minimal storage-time costs
- Unexpected costs of moving data across different storage classes. Unless access is continually monitored and data is moved back up when it gets hot, you’ll face expensive retrieval fees.
This complexity is the reason why only a mere 20% of organizations are leveraging the cost-saving options available to them in the cloud.
A cloud data management platform like Komprise, named in the Gartner Peer Insights Awards, that is analytics-driven, can help you save 50% or more on your cloud storage costs.
Cloud Migration
Cloud migration refers to the movement of data, processes, and applications from on-premises storage or legacy infrastructure to cloud-based infrastructure for storage, application processing, data archiving and ongoing data lifecycle management. Komprise offers analytics-driven cloud migration tools that integrate with most leading cloud service providers, such as Google Cloud, Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, Wasabi, IBM Cloud and more.
Benefits of Cloud Migration
Migrating to the cloud can offer many advantages – lower operational costs, greater elasticity, and flexibility. Migrating data to the cloud in a native format also ensures you can leverage the computational capabilities of the cloud and not just use it as a cheap storage tier. When migrating to the cloud, you need to consider both the application as well as its data. While application footprints are generally small and relatively easier to migrate, cloud data migrations need careful planning and execution as data footprints can be large. Cloud migration with Komprise allows you to:
- Plan a data migration strategy using analytics before migration. A pre-migration analysis helps you identify which files need to be migrated, plan how to organize the data to maximize the efficiency of the migration process. It’s important to know how data is used and to determine how large and how old files are throughout the storage system. Since data footprints often reach billions of files, planning a migration is critical.
- Improve scalability with Elastic Data Migration. Data migrations can be time consuming as they involve moving hundreds of terabytes to petabytes of data. Since storage that data is migrating from is usually still in use during the migration, the data migration solution needs to move data as fast as possible without slowing down user access to the source storage. This requires a scalable architecture that can leverage the inherent parallelism of the data sets to migrate multiple data streams in parallel without overburdening any single source storage. Komprise uses a patented elastic data migration architecture that maximizes parallelism while throttling back as needed to preserve source data storage performance.
- Shrink cloud migration time. When compared to generic tools used across heterogeneous cloud and physical storage, Komprise cloud data migration is nearly 30x faster. Performance is maximized at every level with the auto parallelize feature, minimizing network usage and making migration over WAN more efficient.
- Reduce ongoing cloud storage costs with intelligent tiering and data lifecycle management in the cloud. Migrating to the cloud can reduce the amount spent on IT needs, storage maintenance, and hardware upgrades as these are typically handled by the cloud provider. Most clouds provide multiple storage classes at different price points – Komprise intelligently moves data to the right storage class in the cloud based on your policy and performs ongoing data lifecycle management in the cloud to reduce storage cost. Unlike cloud intelligent tiering classes, Komprise tiers across both S3 and Glacier storage classes so you get the best cost savings.
- Simplify storage management. With a Komprise cloud migration, you can use a single solution across your multivendor storage and multicloud architectures. All you have to do is connect via open standards – pick the SMB, NFS, and S3 sources along with the appropriate destinations and Komprise handles the rest. You also get a dashboard to monitor and manage all of your migrations from one place. No more sunk costs of point migration tools because Komprise provides ongoing data lifecycle management beyond the data migration.
- Greater resource availability. Moving your data to the cloud allows it to be accessed from wherever users may be, making your it easier for international businesses to store and access their data from around the world. Komprise delivers native data access so you can directly access objects and files in the cloud without getting locked in to your NAS vendor—or even to Komprise.
Cloud Data Migration Process
The cloud data migration process can differ widely based on a company’s storage needs, business model, environment of current storage, and goals for the new cloud-based system. Below are the main steps involved in migrating to the cloud.
Step 1 – Analyze Current Storage Environment and Create Migration Strategy
A smooth migration to the cloud requires proper planning to ensure that all bases are covered before the migration begins. It’s important to understand why the move is beneficial and how to get the most out of the new cloud-based features before the process continues.
Step 2 – Choose Your Cloud Deployment Environment
After taking a thorough look at the current resource requirements across your storage system, you can choose who will be your cloud storage provider(s). At this stage, it’s decided which type of hardware the system will use, whether it’s used in a single or multi-cloud solution, and if the cloud solution will be public or private.
Step 3 – Migrate Data and Applications to the Cloud
Application workload migration to the cloud can be done through generic tools. However, since data migration involves moving petabytes of data and billions of files, you need a data management software solution that can migrate data efficiently in a number of ways including through a public internet connection, a private internet connection, (LAN or a WAN), etc.
Step 4 – Validate Data After Migration
Once the migration is complete, the data within the cloud can be validated and production access to the storage system can be swapped from on-premises to the cloud. Data validation often requires MD5 checksum on every file to ensure the integrity of the data is intact after migration.
Komprise Cloud Data Migration
With Elastic Data Migration from Komprise, you can affordably run and manage hundreds of migrations across many different platforms simultaneously. Gain access to a full suite of high-speed cloud migration tools from a single dashboard that takes on the heavy lifting of migrations, and moves your data nearly 30x faster than traditional available services—all without any access disruption to users or apps.
Our team of cloud migration professionals with over two decades of experience developing efficient IT solutions have helped businesses around the world provide faster and smoother data migrations with total confidence and none of the headaches. Contact us to learn more about our cloud data migration solution or sign up for a free trial to see the benefits beyond data migration with our analytics-driven Intelligent Data Management solution.
Cloud NAS
What is NAS?
Network Attached Storage (NAS) refers to storage that can be accessed from different devices over a network. NAS environments have gained prominence for file-based workloads because they provide a hierarchical structure of directories and folders that makes it easier to organize and find files. Many enterprise applications today are file-based, and use files stored in a NAS as their data repositories.
What is Cloud NAS?
Cloud NAS is a relatively new term – it refers to a cloud-based storage solution to store and manage files. Cloud NAS or cloud file storage is gaining prominence in 2020 and several vendors have recently released cloud NAS offerings.
Cloud NAS Access Protocols
Cloud NAS storage is accessed via the Server Message Block (SMB) and Network File System (NFS) protocols. On-premises NAS environments are also accessed via SMB and NFS.
Why is Cloud NAS gaining in importance?
While the cloud was initially used by DevOps teams for new cloud-native applications that were largely Object-based, the cloud is now seen as a major destination for core enterprise applications. These enterprise workloads are largely file-based, and so moving them to the cloud without rewriting the application means file-based workloads need to be able to run in the cloud.
To address this need, both cloud vendors and third-party storage providers are now creating cloud based NAS offerings. Here are some examples of cloud NAS offerings:
- AWS Elastic File System (EFS) – A file system by AWS that runs the NFS protocol.
- AWS FSx – Windows File Server running on AWS, for SMB based workloads
- NetApp Cloud Volumes ONTAP (CVO) – NetApp ONTAP based file system on AWS, Azure and Google
- Qumulo Cloud NAS – Qumulo NFS and SMB running in the cloud
- Azure NetApp Files – High-performance NFS based file storage running NetApp in the Azure cloud
Cloud NAS Tiers
Cloud NAS storage is often designed for high-performance file workloads and its high performance Flash tier can be very expensive.
Many Cloud NAS offerings such as AWS EFS and NetApp CloudVolumes ONTAP do offer some less expensive file tiers – but putting data in these lower tiers requires some data management solution. As an example, the standard tier of AWS EFS is 10 times more expensive than the standard tier of AWS S3. Furthermore, when you use a Cloud NAS, you may also have to replicate and backup the data, which can often make it three times more expensive. As this data becomes inactive and cold, it is very important to manage data lifecycle on Cloud NAS to ensure you are only paying for what you use and not for dormant cold data on expensive tiers.
Intelligent Data Archiving and Intelligent Tiering for Cloud NAS
An analytics driven data management solution can help you get the right data onto your cloud NAS and keep your cloud NAS costs low by managing the data lifecycle with intelligent archiving and intelligent tiering.
As an example, Komprise Intelligent Data Management for Multi-cloud does the following:
- Analyzes your on-premises NAS data so you can pick the data sets you want to migrate to the cloud
- Migrates on-premises NAS data to your cloud NAS with speed, reliability and efficiency
- Analyzes data on your cloud NAS to show you how data is getting cold and inactive
- Enables policy-based automation so you can decide when data should be archived and tiered from expensive Cloud NAS tiers to lower cost file or object classes
- Monitors ongoing costs to ensure you avoid expensive retrieval fees when cold data becomes hot again
- Eliminates expensive backup and DR costs of cold data on cloud NAS
Cloud Storage Gateway
A cloud storage gateway is a hardware or software appliance that serves as a bridge between local applications and remote cloud-based storage.
A cloud storage gateway provides basic protocol translation and simple connectivity to allow incompatible technologies to communicate. The gateway may be hardware or a virtual machine (VM) image.
The requirement for a gateway between cloud storage and enterprise applications became necessary because of the incompatibility between protocols used for public cloud technologies and legacy storage systems. Most public cloud providers rely on Internet protocols, usually a RESTful API over HTTP, rather than conventional storage area network (SAN) or network-attached storage (NAS) protocols.
Gateways can also be used for archiving in the cloud. This pairs with automated storage tiering, in which data can be replicated between fast, local disk and cheaper cloud storage to balance space, cost, and data archiving requirements.
The challenge with traditional cloud gateways which front the cloud with on-premise hardware and use the cloud like another storage silo is that the cloud is very expensive for hot data that tends to be frequently accessed, resulting in high retrieval costs.
Cold Data Storage
Cold data refers to data that is infrequently accessed, as compared to hot data that is frequently accessed. As unstructured data grows at unprecedented rates, organizations are realizing the advantages of utilizing cold data storage devices instead of high-performance primary storage as they are much more economical, simple to set up & use, and are less prone to suffering from drive failure.
For many organizations, the real difficulty with cold data is figuring out when data should be considered hot and kept on primary storage or it can be labeled as cold and moved off to a secondary storage device. For this reason, it’s important to understand the difference between data types to develop a solution for managing cold data that is most cost effective for your organization.
Types of Data That Cold Storage is Typically Used For
Examples of data types for which cold storage may be suitable include information a business is required to keep for regulatory compliance, video, photographs, and data that is saved for backup, archival, big-data analytics or disaster recovery purposes. As this data ages and is less frequently accessed, it can generally be moved to cold storage. A policy-based approach allows organizations to optimize storage resources and reduce costs by moving inactive data to more economical cold data storage.
Advantages of Developing a Cold Data Storage Solution
- Prevent primary storage solutions from becoming overburdened with unused data
- Reduce overall resource costs of data storage
- Simplify data storage solution and optimize the management of its data
- Efficiently meet governance and compliance requirements
- Make use of more affordable & reliable mechanical storage drives for lesser used data
Reduce Strain on Primary Storage by Moving Cold Data to Secondary Storage
Affordable Costs of Cold Storage
When comparing costs for enterprise-level storage drives, the mechanical drives used in many cold data storage systems are just over 20% of the price that high-end solid-state drives (SSD) can cost on average. For SSD’s at the top tier of performance, storage still costs close to 10 centers per gigabyte whereas NAS-level mechanical drives cost only around 2 centers per gigabyte on average.
Simplify Your Data Storage Solution
A well-optimized cold data storage system can make your local storage infrastructure much less cluttered & easier to maintain. As the storage tools which help us automatically determine which data is hot and cold continue to improve, managing the movement of data between solutions or tiers is becoming easier every year. Some cold data storage solutions are even starting to automate the entirety of the management process based on rules that the business establishes.
Meet Regulatory or Compliance Requirements
Many organizations in the healthcare industry are required to hold onto their data for extended periods of time, if not forever. With the possibility of facing litigation somewhere down the line based on having this data intact, corporations are opting to use a cold data storage solution which can effectively store critically important, unused data under conditions in which it cannot be tampered with or altered.
Increase Data Durability with Cold Data Storage
Reliability is one of the most important factors when choosing a data storage solution to house data for extended periods of time or indefinitely. Mechanical drives can be somewhat slower than SSD’s in providing file access, but they are still quick to be able to pull files and offer much more budget room for creating additional backup or parity within your storage system.
When considering storage hardware for cold data solutions, consider low cost, high-capacity options with a high degree of data durability so your data can remain intact for as long as it needs to be stored for.
Data Analytics
Data analytics refers to the process used to enhance productivity and business improvement by extracting and categorizing data to identify and analyze behavioral patterns. Techniques vary according to organizational requirements.
The primary goal of data analytics is to help organizations make more informed business decisions by enabling analytics professionals to evaluate large volumes of transactional and other forms of data. Data analytics can be pulled from anything from Web server logs to social media comments.
Potential issues with data analytics initiatives include a lack of analytics professionals and the cost of hiring qualified candidates. The amount of information that can be involved and the variety of data analytics data can also cause data analytics issues, including the quality and consistency of the data. In addition, integrating technologies and data warehouses can be a challenge, although various vendors offer data integration tools with big data capabilities.
Big data has drastically changed the requirements for extracting data analytics from business data. With relational databases, administrators can easily generate reports for business use, but they lack the broader intelligence data warehouses can provide. However, the challenge for data analytics from data warehouses is the costs associated.
There is also the challenge of pulling the relevant data sets to enable data analytics from cold data. This requires intelligent data management solutions that track what data is kept and where, and enable you to easily search and find relevant data sets for big-data analytics.
Data Archiving
Data Archiving protects older data that is not needed for everyday operations of an organization that is no longer needed for everyday access. Data Archiving reduces primary storage required, and allows an organization to maintain data that may be required for regulatory or other requirements.
Data archiving is intended to protect older information that is not needed for everyday operations but may have to be accessed occasionally. Data archives serve as a way of reducing primary storage and the related costs, rather than acting as a data recovery tool.
Some data archives allow data to be read-only to protect it from modification, while other data archiving products treat data as to allow users to modify it.
The benefit of data archiving is that it reduces the cost of primary storage. Alternatively, archive storage costs less because it is typically based on a low-performance, high-capacity storage medium.
Data archiving take a number of different forms. Options can be online data storage, which places archive data onto disk systems where it is readily accessible. Archives are frequently file-based, but object storage is also growing in popularity. A key challenge when using object storage to archive file-based data is the impact it can have on users and applications. To avoid changing paradigms from file to object and breaking user and application access, use data management solutions that provide a file interface to data that is archived as objects.
Another archival system uses offline data storage where archive data is written to tape or other removable media using data archiving software rather than being kept online. Data archiving on tape consumes less power than disk systems, translating to lower costs.
A third option is using cloud storage, such as those offered by Amazon – this is inexpensive but requires ongoing investment.
The data archiving process typically uses automated software, which will automatically move “cold” data via policies set by an administrator. Today, a popular approach to data archiving is to make the archive “transparent” – so the archived data is not only online but the archived data is fully accessed exactly as before by users and applications, so they experience no change in behavior.
Data Backup
Data loss can occur from a variety of causes, including computer viruses, hardware failure, file corruption, fire, flood, or theft, etc. Data loss may involve critical financial, customer, and company data, so a solid data backup plan is critical for every organization.
As part of a data backup plan, consider the following:
- What data (files and folders) to backup
- How often to run your backups
- Where to store the backup data
- What compression method to use
- What type of backups to run
- What kind of media on which to store the backups
In general, you should back up any data that can’t be replaced easily. Some examples are structured data like databases, and unstructured data such as word processing documents, spreadsheets, photos, videos, emails, etc. Typically, programs or system folders are not part of a data backup program. Installation discs, operating system discs, and registration information should be stored in a safe place.
Data backup frequency depends on how often your organizational data changes.
- Frequently changing data may need daily or hourly backups
- Data that changes every few days might require a weekly or even monthly backup
- For some data, a backup may need to be created each time it changes
The challenge with unstructured data is that backing up unstructured data is not only time consuming but also very complex, with millions to billions of files of various sizes and types and growing at an astronomical rate, leaving businesses to struggle with long backup windows, overlapping backup cycles, backup footprint sprawl, spiraling costs, and above all, vulnerable in the case of a disaster.
Data Classification
Data classification is the process of organizing data into tiers of information for data organizational purposes.
Data classification is essential to make data easy to find and retrieve so that your organization can optimize risk management, compliance, and legal requirements. Written guidelines are essential in order to define the categories and criteria to classify your organization’s data. It is also important to define the roles and responsibilities of employees in the data organization structure.
When data classification procedures are established, security standards should also be established to address data life-cycle requirements. Classification should be simple so employees can easily comply with the standard.
Examples of data classifications are:
- 1st Classification: Data that is free to share with the public
- 2nd Classification: Internal data not intended for the public
- 3rd Classification: Sensitive internal data that would negatively impact the organization if disclosed
- 4th Classification: Highly sensitive data that could put an organization at risk
Data classification is a complex process, but automated systems can help streamline this process. The enterprise must create the criteria for classification, outline the roles and responsibilities of employees to maintain the protocols, and implement proper security standards. Properly executed, data classification will provide a framework for the storage, transmission and retrieval of data.
Automation simplifies data classification by enabling you to dynamically set different filters and classification criteria when viewing data across your storage. For instance, if you wanted to classify all data belonging to users who are no longer at the company as “zombie data,” the Komprise solution will aggregate files that fit into the zombie data criterion to help you quickly classify your data.
Data Governance
Data governance refers to the management of the availability, security, usability, and integrity of data used in an enterprise. Data governance in an organization typically includes a governing council, a defined set of procedures, and a plan to execute those procedures.
Data governance is not about allowing access to a few privileged users; instead, it should allow broad groups of users access with appropriate controls. Business and IT users have different needs; business users need secure access to shared data and IT needs to set policies around security and business practices. When done right, data governance allows any user access to data anytime, so the organization can run more efficiently, and users can manage their workload in a self-service manner.
Here are four things to consider when developing a data governance strategy:
Selecting a Team:
- Balance IT and business leaders to get a broad view of the data and service needs
- Start small – choose a small group to review existing data analytics
Data Quality:
- Audit existing data to discover data types and how they are used
- Define a process for new data sources to ensure quality and availability standards are met
Data Security:
- Make sure data is classified so data requiring protection for legal or regulatory reasons meets those requirements
- Implement policies that allow for different levels of access based on user privileges
Data Lake
A data lake is data stored in its natural state. The term typically refers to unstructured data that is sitting on different storage environments and clouds. The data lake supports data of all types – for example, you may have videos, blogs, log files, seismic files and genomics data in a single data lake. You can think of each of your Network Attached Storage (NAS) devices as a data lake.
One big challenge with data lakes is to comb through them and find the relevant data you need. With unstructured data, you may have billions of files strewn across different data lakes, and finding data that fits specific criteria can be like finding a needle in a haystack
A virtual data lake is a collection of data that fits certain criteria – and as the name implies, it is virtual because the data is not moved. The data continues to reside in its original location, but the virtual data lake gives a discrete handle to manipulate that entire data set.
Some key aspects of data lakes – both physical and virtual:
- Data Lakes Support a Variety of Data Formats: Data lakes are not restricted to data of any particular type.
- Data Lakes Retain All Data: Even if you do a search and find some data that does not fit your criteria, the data is not deleted from the data lake. A virtual data lake provides a discrete handle to the subset of data across different storage silos that fits specific criteria, but nothing is moved or deleted.
- Virtual Data Lakes Do Not Physically Move Data: Virtual data lakes do not physically move the data, but provide a virtual aggregation of all data that fits certain criteria. Deep Analytics can be used to specify criteria.
Data Literacy
The ability to derive meaningful information from data. Komprise Dynamic Data Analytics provides data literacy by showing how much data, what kind, who’s using it, how often—across all storage silos.
Data Management
Data management is officially defined by DAMA International, the professional organization data management professionals, is:
“Data Resource Management is the development and execution of architectures, policies, practices and procedures that properly manage the full data lifecycle needs of an enterprise.”
Data management is the process of developing policies and procedures in order to effectively manage the information lifecycle needs of an enterprise. This includes identifying how data is acquired, validated, stored, protected, and processed. Data management policies should cover the entire lifecycle of the data, from creation to deletion.
Due to the sheer volume of data, a data management plan is necessary for every organization. The numbers are staggering – for example, more data has been created in the past two years than in the entire previous history of the human race.
Data Management Policy
A data management policy addresses the operating policy that focuses on the management and governance of data assets, and is a cornerstone of governing enterprise data assets. This policy should be managed by a team within the organization that identifies how the policy is accessed and used, who enforces the data management policy, and how it is communicated to employees.
It is recommended that an effective data management policy team include top executives to lead in order for governance and accountability to be enforced. In many organizations, the Chief Information Officer (CIO) and other senior management can demonstrate their understanding of the importance of data management by either authoring or supporting directives that will be used to govern and enforce data standards.
The following are some of the considerations to consider in a data management policy:
- Enterprise data is not owned by any individual or business unit, but is owned by the enterprise
- Enterprise data must be safe and
- Enterprise Data Must Be Accessible to individuals within the organization
- Meta data should be developed and utilized for all structured and unstructured data
- Data owners should be accountable for enterprise data
- Users should not have to worry about where data lives. Data should be accessible to users no matter where it resides.
Ultimately, a data management policy should guide your organization’s philosophy toward managing data as a valued enterprise asset.
Data Migration
Data Migration is the process of selecting and moving data from one location to another – this may involve moving data across different storage vendors, and across different formats.
Data migrations are often done in the context of retiring a system and moving to a new system, or in the context of a cloud migration, or in the context of a modernization or upgrade strategy.
Data migrations can be laborious, error prone, manual, and time consuming. Migrating data may involve finding and moving billions of files, which can succumb to storage and network slowdowns or outages. Also, different file systems do not often preserve metadata in exactly the same way, so migrating data without loss of fidelity and integrity can be a challenge.
Network Attached Storage (NAS) migration is the process of migrating from one NAS storage environment to another. This may involve migrations within a vendor’s ecosystem such as NetApp to NetApp or across vendors such as NetApp to Isilon or EMC to NetApp or EMC to Pure FlashBlade. A high-fidelity NAS migration solution should preserve not only the file itself but all of its associated metadata and access controls.
Network Attached Storage (NAS) to Cloud migration is the process of moving data from an on-premises data center to a cloud. It requires data to be moved from a file format (NFS or SMB) to an Object/Cloud format such as S3. A high-fidelity NAS to Cloud migration solution preserves all the file metadata including access control and privileges in the cloud. This enables data to be used either as objects or as files in the cloud.
Storage migration is a general-purpose term that applies to moving data across storage arrays.
Data migrations typically involve four phases:
- Planning – Deciding what data should be migrated. Planning may often involve analyzing various sources to find the right data sets. For example, several customers today are interested in upgrading some data to Flash – finding hot, active data to migrate to Flash can be a useful planning exercise.
- Initial Migration – Do a first migration of all the data. This should involve migrating the files, the directories and the shares.
- Iterative Migrations – Look for any changes that may have occurred during the initial migration and copy those over.
- Final Cutoff – A final cutoff involves deleting data at the original storage and managing the mounts, etc., so data can be accessed from the new location going forward.
Resilient data migration refers to an approach that automatically adjusts for failures and slowdowns and retries as needed. It also checks the integrity of the data at the destination to ensure full fidelity.
Data Protection
Data protection is used to describe both data backup and disaster recovery. A quality data protection strategy should automate the movement of critical data to online and offline storage and include a comprehensive strategy for valuing, classifying, and protecting data as to protect these assets from user errors, malware and viruses, machine failure, or facility outages/disruptions.
Data protection storage technologies include tape backup, which copies data to a physical tape cartridge, or cloud backup, which copies data to the cloud, and mirroring, which replicates a website or files to a secondary location. These processes can be automated and policies assigned to the data, allowing for accurate, faster data recovery.
Data protection should always be applied to all forms of data within an organization, in order to protect the integrity of the data, protect from corruption or errors, and ensuring privacy of the data. When classifying data, policies should be established to identify different levels of security, from least secure (data that anyone can see) to most secure (data that if released, would put the organization at risk).
Data Sprawl
Data sprawl describes the staggering amount of data produced by enterprises worldwide every day; with new devices, including enterprise and mobile applications added to a network, it is estimated data sprawl to be 40% year over year, into the next decade.
Given this growth in data sprawl, data security is imperative, as it can lead to enormous problems for organizations, as well as its employees and customers. In today’s fast-paced world, organizations must carefully consider how to best manage the precious information it holds.
Organizations experiencing data sprawl need to secure all of their endpoints. Security is critical. Addressing data security as well as remote physical devices ensure organizations are in compliance with internal and external regulations.
As the amount of security threats mount, it is critical that data sprawl is addressed. Taking the right steps to ensure data sprawl is controlled, via policies and procedures within an organization, means safeguarding not only internal data, but also critical customer data.
Organizations should develop solid practices that may have been dismissed in the past. Left unchecked, control of an organization’s data will continue to manifest itself in hidden costs and limited options. With a little evaluation and planning, it is an aspect of your network that can be improved significantly and will pay off long term.
Data Virtualization
Data virtualization delivers a unified, simplified view of an organization’s data that can be accessed anytime. It integrates data from multiple sources, to create a single data layer to support multiple layers and users. The result is faster access to this data, providing instant access, any way you want it.
Data virtualization involves abstracting, transforming, federating and delivering data from disparate sources. This allows users to access the applications without having to know their exact location.
There are some important advantages to data virtualization:
- An organization can gain business insights by leveraging all data
- They can become aware of analytics and business intelligence
- Data virtualization can streamline an organization’s data management approach, which reduces complexity and saves money
Data virtualization involves three key steps. First, data virtualization software is installed on-premise or in the cloud, which collects data from production sources and stays synchronized as those sources change over time. Next, administrators are able to secure, archive, replicate, and transform data using the data virtualization platform as a single point of control. Last, it allows users to provision virtual copies of the data that consume significantly less storage than physical copies.
Some use cases for data virtualization are:
- Application development
- Backup and disaster recovery
- Datacenter migration
- Test data management
- Packaged application projects
Deep Analytics
Deep analytics is the process of applying data mining and data processing techniques to analyze and find large amounts of data in a form that is useful and beneficial for new applications. Deep analytics can apply to both structured and unstructured data.
In the context of unstructured data, deep analytics is the process of examining file metadata (both standard and extended) across billions of files to find data that fits specific criteria. A petabyte of unstructured data can be a few billion files. Analyzing petabytes of data typically involves analyzing tens to hundreds of billions of files. Because analysis of such large workloads can require distribution over a farm of processing units, deep analytics is often associated with scale-out distributed computing, cloud computing, distributed search, and metadata analytics.
Deep analytics of unstructured file data requires efficient indexing and search of files and objects across a distributed farm. Financial services, genomics, research and exploration, biomedical, and pharmaceutical are some of the early adopters of deep analytics. In recent years, enterprises have started to show interest in deep analytics as the amount of corporate data has increased, and with it, the desire to extract value from the data.
Deep analytics enables additional use cases such as Big Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.
When the result of a deep analytics query is a virtual data lake, data does not have to be moved or disrupted from its original destination to enable reuse. This is an ideal scenario to rapidly leverage deep analytics without disruption since data can be pretty heavy to move.
Digital Business
A digital business is one that uses technology as an advantage in its internal and external operations.
Information technology has changed the infrastructure and operation of businesses from the time the Internet became widely available to businesses and individuals. This transformation has profoundly changed the way businesses conduct their day-to-day operations. This has maximized the benefits of data assets and technology-focused initiatives.
This digital transformation has had a profound impact on businesses; accelerating business activities and processes to fully leverage opportunities in a strategic way. A digital business takes advantage of this fully so to not be disrupted and to thrive in this era. C-Level staff needs to help their organizations seize opportunities while mitigating risks.
This technology mindset has become standard in even the most traditional of industries, making a digital business strategy imperative for storing and analyzing data to gain a competitive advantage over the competition. The introduction of cloud computing and SaaS delivery models means that internal processes can be easily managed through a wide choice of applications, giving organizations the flexibility to chose, and change software as the businesses grows and changes.
A digital business also has seen a shift in purchasing power; individual departments now push for the applications that will best suit their needs, rather than relying on IT to drive change.
Direct Data Access
The ability to directly access your data whether on-premises, in the cloud, or a hybrid environment without needing to rehydrate
Director (Komprise Director)
The administrative console of the Komprise distributed architecture that runs as a cloud service or on-premises.
Disaster Recovery
Disaster recovery refers to security planning to protect an organization from the effects of a disaster – such as a cyber attack or equipment failure. A properly constructed disaster recovery plan will allow an organization to maintain or quickly resume mission critical functions following a disaster.
The disaster recovery plan includes policies and testing, and may involve a separate physical site for restoring operations. This preparation needs to be taken very seriously, and will involve a significant investment of time and money to ensure minimal losses in the event of a disaster.
Control measures are steps that can reduce or eliminate various threats for organizations. Different types of measures can be included in disaster recovery plan. There are three types of disaster recovery control measures that should be considered:
- Preventive measures – Intended to prevent a disaster from occurring
- Detective measures – Intended to detect unwanted events
- Corrective measures – The plan to restore systems after a disaster has occurred.
A quality disaster recovery plan requires these policies be documented and tested regularly. In some cases, organizations outsource disaster recovery to an outsourced provider instead of using their own remote facility, which can save time and money. This solution has become increasingly more popular with the rise in cloud computing.
Dynamic Data Analytics
The Komprise feature that allows organizations to analyze data across all storage to know how much exists, what kind, who’s using it, and how fast it’s growing. “What if” data scenarios can be run based on various policies to instantly see capacity and cost savings, enabling informed, optimal data management planning decisions without risk.
Egress Costs
The large network fees most cloud providers charge to move your data out of the cloud. Most allow you to move your data into the cloud for free (ingress).
Elastic Data Migration
What is Elastic Data Migration?
Data migration is the process of moving data (eg files, objects) from one storage environment to another, but Elastic Data Migration is a high-performance migration solution from Komprise using a parallelized, multi-processing, multi-threaded approach that speeds NAS-to-NAS and NAS-to-cloud migrations in a fraction of the traditional time and cost.
Standard Data Migration:
- NAS Data Migration – move files from a Network Attached Storage (NAS) to another NAS. The NAS environments may be on-premises or in the cloud (Cloud NAS)
- S3 Data Migration – move objects from an object storage or cloud to another object storage or cloud
Data migrations can occur over a local network (LAN) or when going to the cloud over the internet (WAN). As a result, migrations can be impacted by network latencies and network outages.
Data migration software needs to address these issues to make data migrations efficient, reliable, and simple, especially when dealing with NAS and S3 data since these data sizes can be in petabytes and involve billions of files.
Elastic Data Migration:
Elastic Data Migration makes its orders of magnitude faster than normal data migrations. It leverages parallelism at multiple levels to deliver 27 times faster performance than alternatives:
- Parallelism of the Komprise scale-out architecture – Komprise distributes the data migration work across multiple Komprise Observer VMs so they run in parallel.
- Parallelism of sources – When migrating multiple shares, Komprise breaks them up across multiple Observers to leverage the inherent parallelism of the sources
- Parallelism of data set – Komprise optimizes for all the inherent parallelism available in the data set across multiple directories, folders, etc to speed up data migrations
- Big files vs small files – Komprise analyzes the data set before migrating it so it learns from the nature of the data – if the data set has a lot of small files, Komprise adjusts its migration approach to reduce the overhead of moving small files. This AI driven approach delivers greater speeds without human intervention.
- Protocol level optimizations – Komprise optimizes data at the protocol level (eg NFS, SMB) so the chattiness of the protocol can be minimized
All of these improvements deliver substantially higher performance than standard data migration. When a company is looking to migrate large production data sets quickly, without errors, and without disruption to user productivity, Komprise Elastic Data Migration delivers a fast, reliable, and cost-efficient migration solution.
Komprise Elastic Data Migration Architecture
What Elastic Data Migration for NAS and Cloud provides:
Komprise Elastic Data Migration provides high-performance data migration at scale, solving critical issues that IT professionals face with these migrations. Komprise makes it possible to easily run, monitor, and manage hundreds of migrations simultaneously. Unlike most other migration utilities, Komprise also provides analytics along with migration to provide insight into the data being migrated, which allows for better migration planning.
Fast, painless data migrations with parallelized, optimized data migration:
- Parallelism at every level:
- Leverages parallelism of storage, data hierarchy and files
- High performance multi-threading and automatic division of a migration task across machines
- Network efficient: Adjusts for high-latency networks by reducing round trips
- Protocol efficient: optimized NFS handling to eliminate unnecessary protocol chatter
- High Fidelity: Does MD5 checksums of each file to ensure full integrity of data transfer
- Intuitive Dashboards and API: Manage hundreds of migrations seamlessly with intuitive UI and API
- Greater speed and reliability
- Analytics with migration for data insights
- Ongoing value
Download the free Elastic Data Migration white paper for more details.
File-level Tiering
A standards-based tiering approach Komprise uses that moves each file with all its metadata to the new tier, maintaining full file fidelity and attributes at each tier for direct data access from the target storage and no rehydration.
File Server
The central server in a computer network that provides a central storage place for files on internal data media to connected clients.
Flash Storage
Flash storage is storage media intended to electronically secure data, which can be electronically erased and reprogrammed. The other advantage is it responds faster than a traditional disc, increasing performance.
With the increasing volume of stored data from the growth of mobility and Internet of Things (IoT), organizations are challenged with both storing data and the opportunities it brings. Disk drives can be too slow, due to the speed limitations. For stored data to have real value, businesses must be able to quickly access and process that data to extract actionable information.
Flash storage has a number of advantages over alternative storage technologies.
- Greater performance. This leads to agility, innovation, and improved experience for the users accessing the data – delivering real insight to an organization
- Reliability. With no moving parts, Flash has higher uptime due to no moving parts. A well-built all-flash array can last between 7-10 years.
While Flash storage can offer a great improvement for organizations, it is still too expensive as a place to store all data. Flash storage has been about twenty times more expensive per gigabyte than spinning disk storage over the past seven years. Many enterprises are looking at a tiered model with high-performance flash for hot data and cheap, deep object or cloud storage for cold data.
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (Regulation (EU) 2016/679) is a regulation by the European Union that aims to strengthen and unify data protection for all individuals within the European Union (EU). It also addresses the export of personal data outside the EU.
GDPR becomes enforceable from 25 May 2018. Businesses transacting with countries in the EU will have to comply with GDPR laws.
The GDPR regulation applies to personal data collected by organizations including cloud providers and businesses.
Article 17 of GDPR is often called the “Right to be Forgotten” or “Right to Erasure”. The full text of the article is found below.
To comply with GDPR, you need to use an intelligent data management solution to identify data belonging to a particular user and confine it outside the visible namespace before deleting the data. This two-step deletion ensures there are no dangling references to the data from users and applications and enables an orderly deletion of data.
Art. 17 GDPR Right to erasure (‘right to be forgotten’)
1) The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller the erasure of personal data concerning him or her without undue delay and the controller shall have the obligation to erase personal data without undue delay where one of the following grounds applies:
- the personal data are no longer necessary in relation to the purposes for which they were collected or otherwise processed; 2 the data subject withdraws consent on which the processing is based according to point (a) of Article 6(1), or point (a) of Article 9(2), and where there is no other legal ground for the processing;
- the data subject objects to the processing pursuant to Article 21(1) and there are no overriding legitimate grounds for the processing, or the data subject objects to the processing pursuant to Article 21(2);
the personal data have been unlawfully processed; - the personal data have to be erased for compliance with a legal obligation in Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject;
- the personal data have been collected in relation to the offer of information society services referred to in Article 8(1).
2) Where the controller has made the personal data public and is obliged pursuant to paragraph 1 to erase the personal data, the controller, taking account of available technology and the cost of implementation, shall take reasonable steps, including technical measures, to inform controllers which are processing the personal data that the data subject has requested the erasure by such controllers of any links to, or copy or replication of, those personal data.
3) Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to the extent that processing is necessary:
- for exercising the right of freedom of expression and information;
- for compliance with a legal obligation which requires processing by Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject or for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller;
- for reasons of public interest in the area of public health in accordance with points (h) and (i) of Article 9(2) as well as Article 9(3);
- for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in accordance with Article 89(1) in so far as the right referred to in paragraph 1 is likely to render impossible or seriously impair the achievement of the objectives of that processing; or
- for the establishment, exercise or defense of legal claims.
High Performance Storage
High performance storage is a type of storage management system designed for moving large files and large amounts of data around a network. High performance storage is especially valuable for moving around large amounts of complex data or unstructured data like large video files across the network.
Used with both direct-connected and network-attached storage, high performance storage supports data transfer rates greater than one gigabyte per second and is designed for enterprises handling large quantities of data – in the petabyte range.
High performance storage supports a variety of methods for accessing and creating data, including FTP, parallel FTP, VFS (Linux), as well as a robust client API with support for parallel I/O.
High performance storage is useful to manage hot or active data, but can be very expensive for cold/inactive data. Since over 60 to 90% of data in an organization is typically inactive/cold within months of creation, this data should be moved off high performance storage to get the best TCO of storage without sacrificing performance.
Hosted Data Management
With hosted data management, a service provider administers IT services, including infrastructure, hardware, operating systems, and system software, as well as the equipment used to support operations, including storage, hardware, servers, and networking components.
The service provider typically sets up and configures hardware, installs and configures software, provides support and software patches, maintenance, and monitoring.
Services may also include disaster recovery, security, DDoS (distributed denial of service) mitigation, and more.
Hosted data management may be provided on a dedicated or shared-service model. In dedicated hosting, the service provider sets aside servers and infrastructure for each client; in shared hosting, pooled resources and charged for on a per-use basis.
Hosted data management can also be referred to as cloud services. With cloud hosting, resources are dispersed between and across multiple servers, so load spikes, downtime, and hardware dependencies are spread across multiple servers working together.
In this arrangement, the client usually has administrative access through a Web-based interface.
Another popular model is hybrid cloud hosted data management – where the administrative console resides in the cloud but all the data management (analyzing data, moving data, accessing data) is done on premise. Komprise uses this hybrid approach as it offers the best of both worlds – a fully managed service that reduces operating costs without compromising the security of data.
Hot Data
Business-critical data that needs to be accessed frequently and resides on primary storage (NAS).
Intelligent Data Management
Intelligent data management is the process of managing unstructured data throughout its lifecycle with analytics and intelligence.
The criteria for a solution to be considered as Intelligent Data Management includes:
- Analytics-Driven: Is the solution able to leverage analysis of the data to inform its behavior? Is it able to deliver analysis of the data to guide the data management planning and policies?
- Storage-Agnostic: Is the data management solution able to work across different vendor and different storage platforms?
- Adaptive: Based on the network, storage, usage, and other conditions, is the data management solution able to intelligently adapt its behavior? For instance, does it throttle back when the load gets higher, does it move bigger files first, does it recognize when metadata does not translate properly across environments, does it retry when the network fails?
- Closed Loop: Analytics feeds the data management which in turn provides additional analytics. A closed loop system is a self-learning system that uses machine learning techniques to learn and adapt progressively in an environment.
- Efficient: An intelligent data management solution should be able to scale out efficiently to handle the load, and to be resilient and fault tolerant to errors.
Intelligent data management solutions typically address the following use cases:
- Analysis: Find the what, who, when of how data is growing and being used
- Planning: Understand the impact of different policies on costs, and on data footprint
- Data Archiving: Support various forms of managing cold data and offloading it from primary storage and backups without impacting user access. Includes: Archive data by policy – move data with links for seamless access, Archive project data – archive data that belongs to a project as a collection, Archive without links – move data without leaving a link behind when data needs to be moved out of an environment
- Data Replication: Create a copy of data on another location.
- Data Migration: Move data from one storage environment to another
- Deep Analytics: Search and query data at scale across storage
Metadata
Metadata means “data about data” or data that describes other data. The prefix “meta” typically means “an underlying definition or description” in technology circles
Metadata makes finding and working with data easier – allowing the user to sort or locate specific documents. Some examples of basic metadata are author, date created, date modified, and file size. Metadata is also used for unstructured data such as images, video, web pages, spreadsheets, etc.
Web pages often include metadata in the form of meta tags. Description and keywords meta tags are commonly used to describe content within a web page. Search engines can use this data to help understand the content within a page.
Metadata can be created manually or through automation. Accuracy is increased using manual creation as it allows the user to input relevant information. Automated metadata creation can be more elementary, usually only displaying basic information such as file size, file extension, when the file was created, for example.
Metadata can be stored and managed in a database, however, without context, it may be impossible to identify metadata just by looking at it. Metadata is useful in managing unstructured data since it provides a common framework to identify and classify a variety of data including videos, audios, genomics data, seismic data, user data, documents, logs.
Native Access
Having direct access to archived data without needing to rehydrate because files are accessed as objects from the target storage.
Native File Format
or Native Data Format. The file structure in which a document is created and maintained by the original creating application
Network File System (NFS)
A network file system (NFS) is a mechanism that enables storage and retrieval of data from multiple hard drives and directories across a shared network, enabling local users to access remote data as if it was on the user’s own computer.
The NFS protocol is one of several distributed file system standards for network-attached storage (NAS). It was originally developed in the 1980s by Sun Microsystems, and is now managed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
NFS is generally implemented in computing environments where centralized management of data and resources is critical. Network file system works on all IP-based networks. Depending on the version in use, TCP and UDP are used for data access and delivery.
The NFS protocol is independent of the computer, operating system, network architecture, and transport protocol, which means systems using the NFS service may be manufactured by different vendors, use different operating systems, and be connected to networks with different architectures. These differences are transparent to the NFS application, and the user.
Network Attached Storage (NAS)
What is Network Attached Storage?
A Network Attached Storage (NAS) system is a storage device connected to a network that allows storage and retrieval of data from a centralized location for authorized network users and heterogeneous clients. These devices generally consist of an engine that implements the file services (NAS device), and one or more devices on which data is stored (NAS drives).
The purpose of a NAS system is to provide a local area network (LAN) with file-based, shared storage in the form of an appliance optimized for quick data storage and retrieval. NAS is a relatively expensive storage option, so it should only be used for hot data that is accessed the most frequently.
NAS Storage Benefits
Network attached storage devices are used to remove the responsibility of file serving from other servers on a network and allows for a convenient way to share files among multiple computers. Benefits of dedicated network attached storage include:
- Faster data access
- Easy to scale up and expand upon
- Remote data accessibility
- Easier administration
- OS-agnostic compatibility (works with Windows and Apple-based devices)
- Built-in data security with compatibility for redundant storage arrays
- Simple configuration and management (typically does not require an IT pro to operate)
NAS File Access Protocols
Network attached storage devices are often capable of communicating in a number of different file access protocols, such as:
- Network File System (NFS)
- Server Message Block (SMB)
- Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)
- Common Internet File System (CIFS)
Most NAS devices have a flexible range of data storage systems that they’re compatible with, but you should always ensure that your intended device will work with your specific data storage system.
Enterprise NAS Storage Applications
In an enterprise, a NAS array can be used as primary storage for storing unstructured data and as backup for archiving or disaster recovery. It can also function as an email, media database or print server for a small business. Higher-end NAS devices can hold enough disks to support RAID, a storage technology that allows multiple hard disks into one unit to provide better performance times, redundancy, and high availability.
Data on NAS systems is often mirrored (replicated) to another NAS system, and backups or snapshots of the footprint are kept on the NAS for weeks or months. This leads to at least three or more copies of the data being kept on expensive NAS storage. NAS storage does not need to be used for disaster recovery and backup copies as this can be very costly. By finding and archiving cold data from NAS, you can eliminate the extra copies of cold data and cut cold data costs by over 70%. Check out our video on NAS storage savings to get a more detailed explanation of how this concept works in practice.
Network Attached Storage (NAS) Data Tiering and Data Archiving
Since NAS storage is typically designed for higher performance and can be expensive, data on NAS is often tiered and moved to less expensive storage classes. NAS vendors offer some basic data tiering at the block-level to provide limited savings on storage costs, but not on backup and DR costs. Unlike the proprietary block-level tiering, file-level tiering or archiving provides a standards-based, non-proprietary solution to maximize savings by moving cold data to cheaper storage solutions. This can be done transparently so users and applications do not see any difference when cold files are archived. Read this white paper to learn more about the differences between file tiering and block tiering.
Network Attached Storage FAQ
These are some of the most commonly asked questions we get about network attached storage systems.
How are NAS drives different than typical data storage hardware?
NAS drives are specifically designed for constant 24×7 use with high reliability, built-in vibration mitigation, and optimized for use in RAID setups. Network attached storage systems also benefit from an abundance of health management systems designed to keep them running smoothly for longer than a standard hard drive would.
Which features are the most important ones to have in a NAS device?
The ideal NAS devices have multiple (2+) drive bays, should have hardware-level encryption acceleration, offer support for widely used platforms such as AWS glacier and S3, and have moderately powerful multicore CPU’s with at least 2GB of ram to pair with it. If you’re looking for these types of features, Seagate and Western Digital are some of the most reputable brands in the NAS industry.
Are there any downsides to using NAS storage?
NAS storage systems can be quite expensive when they’re not optimized to contain the right data, but this can be remedied with an analytics-driven NAS data management software, like Komprise Intelligent Data Management.
Using NAS Data Management Tools to Substantially Reduce Storage Costs
One of the biggest issues organizations are facing with NAS systems is trouble understanding which data they should be storing on their NAS drives and which should be offloaded to more affordable types of storage. To keep storage costs lower, an analytics-based NAS data management system can be implemented to give your organization more insight into your NAS data and where it should be optimally stored.
For the thousands of data-centric companies we’ve worked with, most of them needed less than 20% of their total data stored on high-performance NAS drives. With a more thorough understanding of their NAS data, organizations are able to realize that their NAS storage needs may be much lower than they originally thought, leading to substantial storage savings, often greater than 50%, in the long run.
Komprise makes it possible for customers to know their NAS and S3 data usage and growth before buying more storage. Explore your storage scenarios to get a forecast of how much could be saved with the right data management tools. This is what Komprise Dynamic Data Analytics provides
Network-attached storage (NAS) is a type of file computer storage device that provides a local-area network with file-based shared storage. This typically comes in the form of a manufactured computer appliance specialized for this purpose, containing one or more storage devices.
Network attached storage devices are used to remove the responsibility of file serving from other servers on a network, and allows for a convenient way to share files among multiple computers. Benefits of dedicated network attached storage include faster data access, easier administration, and simple configuration.
In an enterprise, a network attached storage array can be used as primary storage for storing unstructured data, and as backup for archiving or disaster recovery. It can also function as an email, media database or print server for a small business. Higher end network attached storage devices can hold enough disks to support RAID, a storage technology that allows multiple hard disks into one unit to provide better performance times, redundancy, and high availability.
Data on NAS systems is often mirrored (replicated) to another NAS system, and backups or snapshots of the footprint are kept on the NAS for weeks or months. This leads to at least three or more copies of the data being kept on expensive NAS storage.
New Technology File System (NTFS) Extended Attributes
Properties organized in (name, value) pairs, optionally set to New Technology File System (NTFS) files or directories to record information that can’t be stored in the file itself.
Object Storage
Object storage, also known as object-based storage, is a way of addressing and manipulating data storage as objects. Objects are kept inside a single repository, and are not nested inside a folder inside other folders.
Though object storage is a relatively new concept, its benefits are clear. Compared to traditional file systems, there are many reasons to consider an object-based system to store your data.
Object storage is becoming popular because it acts like a private cloud and provide linear scaling without limits. This is largely because it does not have any hierarchies and can scale out by simply adding more capacity. As a result, object storage is also very cost-efficient and is a good option for cheap, deep, scale-on-demand storage. Object storage is also resilient because it often keeps three or more copies of the data, much like public cloud storage.
Observer (Komprise Observer)
A Komprise virtual appliance running at the customer site that analyzes data across on-premises NAS storage, moves and replicates data by policy, and provides transparent file access to data that’s stored in the cloud.
Policy-Based Data Management
Policy-based data management is data management based on metrics such as data growth rates, data locations and file types, which data users regularly access and which they do not, which data has protection or not, and more.
The trend to place strict policies on the preservation and dissemination of data has been escalating in recent years. This allows rules to be defined for each property required for preservation and dissemination that ensure compliance over time. For instance, to ensure accurate, reliable, and authentic data, a policy-based data management system should generate a list of rules to be enforced, define the storage locations, storage procedures that generate archival information packages, and manage replication.
Policy-based data management is becoming critical as the amount of data continues to grow while IT budgets remain flat. By automating movement of data to cheaper storage such as the cloud or private object storage, IT organizations can rein in data sprawl and cut costs.
Other things to consider are how to secure data from loss and degradation by assigning an owner to each file, defining access controls, verifying the number of replicas to ensure integrity of the data, as well as tracking the chain of custody. In addition, rules help to ensure compliance with legal obligations, ethical responsibilities, generating reports, tracking staff expertise, and tracking management approval and enforcement of the rules.
As data footprint grows, managing billions and billions of files manually becomes untenable. Using analytics to define governing policies for when data should move, to where and having data management solutions that automate based on these policies becomes critical. Policy-based data management systems rely on consensus. Validation of these policies is typically done through automatic execution – these should be periodically evaluated to ensure continued integrity of your data.
Posix ACLS
Fine-grained access rights for files and directories. An Access Control Lists (ACL) consists of entries specifying access permissions on an associated object.
Primary Storage
Also known as Network Attached Storage (NAS), it’s the main area where data is stored for quick access. It’s faster and more expensive as compared to secondary storage, so it shouldn’t hold cold data.
Rehydration
The process to fully reconstitute files so the transferred data can be accessed and used. Block-level tiering requires rehydrating archived data before it can be used migrated, or backed up. No rehydration is needed with Komprise, which uses file-based tiering.
REST (Representational State Transfer)
REST (Representational State Transfer) is a software architectural style for distributed hypermedia systems, used in the development of Web services. Distributed file systems send and receive data via REST. Web services using REST are called RESTful APIs or REST APIs.
There are several benefits to using REST APIs: it is a uniform interface so you don’t have to know the inner workings of an application to use the interface, it’s operations are well defined and so data in different storage formats can be acted upon by the same REST APIs, and it is stateless, so each interaction does not interfere with the next. Because of these benefits, REST APIs are fast, easy to implement with, and easy to use. As a result, REST has gained wide adoption.
6 guiding principles for REST:
- Client–server – Separate user interface from data storage improves portability and scalability.
- Stateless – Each information request is wholly self contained so session state is kept entirely on the client.
- Cacheable – A client cache is given the right to reuse that response data for later, equivalent requests.
- Uniform interface – The overall REST system architecture is simplified and uniform due to the following constraints: identification of resources; manipulation of resources through representations; self-descriptive messages; and, hypermedia as the engine of application state.
- Layered system – The layered system is composed of hierarchical layers and
each component cannot “see” beyond the immediate layer with which they are interacting. - Code on demand (optional) – REST allows client functionality to be extended by downloading and executing code in the form of applets or scripts.
The REST architecture and lighter weight communications between producer and consumer make REST popular for use in cloud-based APIs such as those authored by Amazon, Microsoft, and Google. REST is often used in social media sites, mobile applications and automated business processes.
REST provides advantages over leveraging SOAP
REST is often preferred over SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) because REST uses less bandwidth, making it preferable for use over the Internet. SOAP also requires writing or using a server program and a client program.
RESTful Web services are easily leveraged using most tools, including those that are free or inexpensive. REST is also much easier to scale than SOAP services. Thus, REST is often chosen as the architecture for services available via the Internet, such as Facebook and most public cloud providers. Also, development time is usually reduced using REST over SOAP. The downside to REST is it has no direct support for generating a client from server-side-generated metadata whereas SOAP supports this with Web Service Description Language (WSDL).
Data management software using REST APIs
Open-APIs and a REST-based architecture are the keys to Komprise integrations. Using REST APIs gives customers the greatest amount of flexibility and here are some things customers can do with the Komprise Intelligent Data Management software via its REST API:
- Get analysis results and reports on all their data
- Run data migrations, data archiving and data replication operations
- Search for data across all their storage by any metadata and tags
- Build virtual data lakes to export to AI and Big Data applications
A REST API is a very powerful, lightweight and fast way to interact with data management software.
S3
The S3 protocol is used in a URL that specifies the location of an Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service) bucket and a prefix to use for reading or writing files in the bucket.
S3 Intelligent Tiering
S3 Intelligent Tiering is one of the six Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) levels of data storage classes. It was introduced in 2018 by AWS as a solution for customers who want to optimize storage costs automatically when their data access patterns change. Instead of utilizing simple lifecycle policies that suit predictable patterns of data access, AWS S3 Intelligent Tiering offers an alternative solution that automates the movement of data between storage classes, based on the frequency of access, and as a result, can be more cost-efficient.
To fully understand what S3 Intelligent Tiering offers it is important to have an overview of all the classes available through S3:
Classes of AWS S3 Storage
- Standard (S3) – Used for frequently accessed data (hot data)
- Standard-Infrequent Access (S3-IA) – Used for infrequently accessed, long-lived data that needs to be retained but is not being actively used
- One Zone Infrequent Access – Used for infrequently accessed data that’s long-lived but not critical enough to be covered by storage redundancies across multiple locations
- Intelligent Tiering – Used for data with changing access patterns or uncertain need of access
- Glacier – Used to archive infrequently accessed, long-lived data (cold data) Glacier has a latency of a few hours to retrieve
- Glacier Deep Archive – Used for data that is hardly ever or never accessed and for digital preservation purposes for regulatory compliance
What is S3 Intelligent Tiering?
S3 Intelligent Tiering is not just a storage class – it is an automated service that monitors your data access behaviour and then moves your data on a per-object basis to the appropriate level of storage. If your object has not been accessed for 30 days AWS will move it to the infrequent access storage tier and if it is then subsequently accessed it will move it into the frequently accessed storage class.
What are the costs of AWS S3 Intelligent Tiering?
AWS charge a fee of $0.0025 per 1,000 objects for the monitoring and automation of moving your data between tiers. The costs associated with each of the two tiers are the same as the S3 Standard (for frequently accessed data) and S3 Standard – Infrequent Access (for infrequently accessed data). Although there is a fee to use this service, the aim is for that fee to be recouped, and savings made by moving data between tiers automatically rather than neglecting to move data out of higher costing storage, as can often be the case.
What are the advantages of S3 Intelligent tiering?
The advantages of S3 Intelligent tiering are that savings can be made. There is no operational overhead, and there are no retrieval costs. Objects can be assigned a tier upon upload and then move between tiers based on access patterns. There is no impact on performance and it is designed for 99.999999999% durability and 99.9% availability over annual average.
What are the disadvantages of S3 Intelligent tiering?
The main disadvantage of S3 Intelligent tiering is it is not suitable for companies with predictable data access behaviour because the cost of the service will not outweigh the benefit. Most of the benefit comes from savings made when data is moved between the two tiers and if this is rarely utilized then the savings will be limited. Other disadvantages are that it is limited to S3 and S3 IA storage classes, the minimum object storage requirement is 30 days, objects smaller than 128kb are never moved from the frequent access tier and lastly, because it is an automated system, you cannot configure different policies for different groups.
S3 Data Management with Komprise
Komprise is an AWS Advance Tier partner and can offer intelligent data management tools that can provide significant savings on the AWS storage costs. How is this done? Komprise enables analytics-driven intelligent tiering across File, S3 and Glacier storage classes in AWS so you can maximize price performance across all your data on Amazon. The Komprise mission is to radically simplify data management through intelligent automation.
Scale-Out Grid
Traditional approaches to managing data have relied on a centralized architecture – using either a central database to store information, or requiring a master-slave architecture with a central master server to manage the system. These approaches do not scale to address the modern scale of data because they have a central bottleneck that limits scaling. A scale-out architecture delivers unprecedented scale because it has no central bottlenecks. Instead, multiple servers work together as a grid without any central database or master and more servers can be added or removed on-demand.
Scale-out grid architectures are harder to build because they need to be designed from the ground up to not only distribute the workload across a set of processes but also need to provide fault-tolerance so if any of the processes fails the overall system is not impaired.
Scale-Out Storage
Scale-out storage is a type of storage architecture in which devices in connected arrays add to the storage architecture to expand disk storage space. This allows for the storage capacity to increase only as the need arises. Scale-out storage architectures adds flexibility to the overall storage environment while simultaneously lowering the initial storage set up costs.
With data growing at exponential rates, enterprises will need to purchase additional storage space to keep up. This data growth comes largely from unstructured data, like photos, videos, PowerPoints, and Excel files. Another factor adding to the expansion of data is that the rate of data deletion is slowing, resulting in longer data retention policies. For example, many organizations are now implementing “delete nothing” data policies for all kinds of data. With storage demands skyrocketing and budgets shrinking, scale-out storage can help manage these growing costs.
Secondary Storage
Secondary storage devices are storage devices that operate alongside the computer’s primary storage, RAM, and cache memory. Secondary storage is for any amount of data, from a few megabytes to petabytes. These devices store almost all types of programs and applications. This can consist of items like the operating system, device drivers, applications, and user data. For example, internal secondary storage devices include the hard disk drive, the tape disk drive, and compact disk drive.
Secondary storage typically backs up primary storage through data replication or other data backup methods. This replication or data backup process, ensures there is a second copy of the data. In an enterprise environment, the storage of secondary data can be in the form of a network-attached storage (NAS) box, storage-area network (SAN), or tape. In addition, to lessen the demand on primary storage, object storage devices may also be used for secondary storage. The growth of organizational data has prompted storage managers to move data to lower tiers of storage to reduce the impact on primary storage systems. Furthermore, in moving data from more expensive primary storage to less expensive tiers of storage, storage managers are able to save money. This keeps the data easily accessible in order to satisfy both business and compliance requirements.
Shadow IT
Shadow IT is a term used in information technology describing systems and solutions not compliant with internal organizational approval. This can mean typical internal complacence is not followed, such as documentation, security, reliability, etc.
However, shadow IT can be an important source of innovation, and can also be in compliance, even when not under the control of an IT organization.
An example of shadow IT is when business subject matter experts can use shadow IT systems and the cloud to manipulate complex datasets without having to request work from the IT department. IT departments must recognize this in order to improve the technical control environment, or select enterprise-class data analysis and management tools that can be implemented across the organization, while not stifling business experts from innovation.
Ways to IT teams can cope with shadow IT are:
- Reducing IT evaluation times for new applications
- Consider cloud applications
- Provide ways to safely identify and move relevant data to the cloud
- Clearly document and inform business controls
- Approve Shadow IT in the short term
- Get involved with teams across your organization to help stay informed of upcoming needs
Shared-Nothing Architecture
A distributed-computing architecture in which each update request is handled by a single node, which eliminates single points of failure, allowing continuous overall system operation despite individual node failure. Komprise Intelligent Data Management is based on a shared-nothing architecture.
Showback (“Shameback”)
A method of tracking data center utilization rates of an organization’s business units or end users. Similar to IT chargeback, the metrics for showback are for informational purposes only; no one is billed.
SMB format (Server Message Block)
A network communication protocol for providing shared access to files, printers, and serial ports between nodes on a network. (also known as Common Internet File Systems (CIFS)).
Stubs
Placeholders of the original data after it has been migrated to the secondary storage. Stubs replace the archived files in the location selected by the user during the archive. Because stubs are proprietary and static, if the stub file is corrupted or deleted, the moved data gets orphaned. Komprise does not use stubs, which eliminates this risk of disruption to users, applications, or data protection workflows.
Tagging data
The often-lengthy process of annotating or labeling data (like text or objects in videos and images) to make it detectable and recognizable to computer vision to train the AI models through ML algorithm for predictions. Creating Virtual Data Lakes with Komprise Deep Analytics makes this process much faster.
Transparent Move Technology
- The archived files can still be viewed and opened from the original location so users and applications do not need to change their data access.
- The archived files can be accessed via the original file protocols even if they are archived on an object repository.
- There is no change to the data path for the hot data that is not archived. So there are no server or client side agents or static stubs.
- Accessing archived files does not cause the data to be brought back or rehydrated. The approach is transparent to backup software and other applications.
Unstructured Data
Unstructured data is data that doesn’t fit neatly in a traditional database and has no identifiable internal structure. This is the opposite of structured data, which is data stored in a database. Up to 80% of business data is considered unstructured, with this number increasing year over year.
Examples of unstructured data are text documents, e-mail messages, photos, videos, photos, presentations, social media posts, and more.
Unstructured data usually does not include a predefined data model, and it does not match well with relational tables. Text heavy, unstructured data may include numbers and dates, as well as facts. This leads to difficulty in identifying this data using conventional software programs.
Unstructured data is becoming the bulk of the data in an organization – studies show that 70-80% of all data today is unstructured. Documents, audio files, video files, log files, genomics data, seismic data, engineering design data, and virtualization files are examples of unstructured data.
The expense of managing huge volumes of unstructured data generated within an organization can lead to higher expenses.
What to know about unstructured data:
- Volume: The sheer quantity of data will continue to grow in a incomprehensible rate
- Velocity: The quantity of data is coming in at a continually faster rate
- Variety: The types of data continue to be more varied
Virtual Data Lakes
Provides the main storage area and execution ability to conduct Big Data, AI, and ML projects. Komprise Deep Analytics lets you build specific queries to find the files you need, tag it to build real-time virtual data lakes that the whole company can use, without having to first move the data.
Zombie Data
Data that is considered dead in a company but that still lurks around somewhere, often generated from ex-employees.